diff --git a/internal/agency/agency.go b/internal/agency/agency.go
index 92950d9..bd988c8 100644
--- a/internal/agency/agency.go
+++ b/internal/agency/agency.go
@@ -381,7 +381,12 @@ func (s *Service) Explain(ctx context.Context, mind ids.ID, ref Ref) (Explanatio
 			x.Resolution = append(x.Resolution, d.Kind+" ("+d.Outcome+"): "+d.Rationale)
 		}
 	}
+	cids := make([]ids.ID, 0, len(commitmentIDs))
 	for id := range commitmentIDs {
+		cids = append(cids, id)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(cids, func(i, j int) bool { return cids[i] < cids[j] })
+	for _, id := range cids {
 		if c, err := s.Volition.GetCommitment(ctx, nil, mind, id); err == nil {
 			x.Commitments = append(x.Commitments, c)
 		}
diff --git a/internal/cognition/metacognition.go b/internal/cognition/metacognition.go
index b3fe7fb..67174fc 100644
--- a/internal/cognition/metacognition.go
+++ b/internal/cognition/metacognition.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
@@ -93,8 +94,13 @@ func (Metacognition) Observe(ctx context.Context, s *brain.State) ([]brain.Candi
 				bySubject[b.Subject]++
 			}
 		}
-		for subj, n := range bySubject {
-			if n >= 3 {
+		subjects := make([]string, 0, len(bySubject))
+		for subj := range bySubject {
+			subjects = append(subjects, subj)
+		}
+		sort.Strings(subjects)
+		for _, subj := range subjects {
+			if n := bySubject[subj]; n >= 3 {
 				add("repeated_failure", subj, fmt.Sprintf("%d hypotheses about %q were rejected this month", n, subj), 0.6, nil, map[string]any{"subject": subj, "count": n})
 			}
 		}
@@ -260,8 +266,13 @@ func volitionChecks(ctx context.Context, s *brain.State, add func(check, ref, su
 				byAction[capName]++
 			}
 		}
-		for capName, n := range byAction {
-			if n >= 3 {
+		names := make([]string, 0, len(byAction))
+		for capName := range byAction {
+			names = append(names, capName)
+		}
+		sort.Strings(names) // candidates in a stable order, for replay
+		for _, capName := range names {
+			if n := byAction[capName]; n >= 3 {
 				add("repeated_execution_failure", capName, fmt.Sprintf("%s failed %d times in plans today", capName, n), 0.6, nil, map[string]any{"capability": capName, "count": n})
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/internal/cognition/volition.go b/internal/cognition/volition.go
index bfed809..64d277d 100644
--- a/internal/cognition/volition.go
+++ b/internal/cognition/volition.go
@@ -137,7 +137,14 @@ func (VolitionHook) AfterCycle(ctx context.Context, c *brain.Cycle, emitted []ev
 			}
 		}
 	}
+	// Commitments in id order, so the events a cycle emits do not depend on
+	// map iteration order.
+	live := make([]volition.Commitment, 0, len(dctx.Commitments))
 	for _, cm := range dctx.Commitments {
+		live = append(live, cm)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(live, func(i, j int) bool { return live[i].ID < live[j].ID })
+	for _, cm := range live {
 		switch volition.Assess(cm, c.State.Now) {
 		case volition.StateDue:
 			if err := vs.MarkDue(ctx, r, cm); err != nil {
@@ -159,10 +166,6 @@ func (VolitionHook) AfterCycle(ctx context.Context, c *brain.Cycle, emitted []ev
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	var live []volition.Commitment
-	for _, cm := range dctx.Commitments {
-		live = append(live, cm)
-	}
 	for _, cf := range volition.CommitmentConflicts(live, c.State.Now) {
 		key := pairKey(cf.A.ID, cf.B.ID)
 		if recentlyRaised(ctx, c, events.CommitmentConflict, "pair", key) {
diff --git a/internal/volition/rules.go b/internal/volition/rules.go
index 4552c28..dcd021a 100644
--- a/internal/volition/rules.go
+++ b/internal/volition/rules.go
@@ -688,9 +688,16 @@ func Form(in FormationInput) Formation {
 	case w.CommitmentID != "":
 		f.Kind = IntentFulfilCommitment
 	}
+	// Summed in key order: floating-point addition is not associative, and a
+	// decision must not depend on map iteration order.
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(t))
+	for k := range t {
+		keys = append(keys, k)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(keys)
 	score := 0.0
-	for _, v := range t {
-		score += v
+	for _, k := range keys {
+		score += t[k]
 	}
 	f.Score = round3(score)
 	t["score"] = f.Score